UNIT -1 Basic Structure of Computers, Machine Instructions and Programs

1.1 Basic Structure of Computers: Computer Types, Functional Units, Basic Operational Concepts,

1.2 Bus Structures, Performance - Processor Clock, Basic Performance Equation - Clock Rate - Performance Measurement - Historical Perspective

1.3 Machine Instructions and Programs: Numbers, Arithmetic Operations and Characters

1.4 Memory Location and Addresses - Memory Operations

1.5 Instructions and Instruction Sequencing.

UNIT - 2 Machine Instructions and Programs

2.1 Machine Instructions and Programs contd - Addressing Modes

2.2 Assembly Language Basic Input and Output Operations - Stacks and Queues - Subroutines - Additional Instructions - Encoding of Machine Instructions

UNIT - 3 Input/Output Organization

3.1 Input/Output Organization: Accessing I/O Devices

3.2 Interrupts – Interrupt Hardware - Enabling and Disabling Interrupts - Handling Multiple Devices - Controlling Device Requests - Exceptions

3.3 Direct Memory Access, Buses

UNIT - 4 Input/Output Organization

4.1 Input/Output Organization contd - Interface Circuits

4.2 Standard I/O Interfaces - PCI Bus - SCSI Bus - USB

UNIT - 5 Memory System

5.1 Memory System: Basic Concepts - Semiconductor RAM Memories - Read Only Memories - Speed, Size, and Cost

5.2 Cache Memories – Mapping Functions - Replacement Algorithms - Performance Considerations

5.3 Virtual Memories

5.4 Secondary Storage

UNIT - 6 Arithmetic

6.1 Arithmetic: Addition and Subtraction of Signed Numbers - Design of Fast Adders

6.2 Multiplication of Positive Numbers - Signed Operand Multiplication - Fast Multiplication

6.3 Integer Division

6.4 Floating-point Numbers and Operations

UNIT - 7 Basic Processing Unit

7.1 Basic Processing Unit - Some Fundamental Concepts - Execution of a Complete Instruction

7.2 Multiple Bus Organization

7.3 Hard-wired Control

7.4 Microprogrammed Control

UNIT - 8 Multicores, Multiprocessors, and Clusters

8.1 Multicores, Multiprocessors, and Clusters - Performance - The Power Wall

8.2 The Switch from Uniprocessors to Multiprocessors

8.3 Amdahl’s Law

8.4 Shared Memory Multiprocessors

8.5 Clusters and other Message Passing Multiprocessors

8.6 Hardware Multithreading

8.7 SISD - IMD - SIMD - SPMD, and Vector.